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CVE-2016-3081.

Severity, exploit probability and exploitation status for one vulnerability, drawn from NVD, FIRST EPSS and CISA's exploited catalogue.

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known exploited Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability

Vendor / product: Apache - Struts
Listed by CISA: 2026-10-08
Federal fix deadline: 2026-10-11 (passed)
Required action: Apply mitigations in accordance with vendor instructions, ensuring compliance with CISA’s BOD 26-04 Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk (see URL in Notes) guidance and CISA’s “Forensics Triage Requirements” (see URL in Notes). Follow applicable BOD 26-04 guidance for cloud services or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable. Stakeholders are responsible for evaluating each asset's internet exposure and ensuring adherence to BOD 26-04 patching guidelines.

Scores

CVSS 3.1: 8.1 high CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS: 96.5% estimated probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (higher than 100% of all CVEs)
Weakness class: CWE-77

ATT&CK techniques

inferred from weakness class no curated mapping exists for this CVE; these are the techniques typically seen with CWE-77 vulnerabilities

ReconnaissanceResource DevelopmentInitial Access Execution Persistence Privilege Escalation StealthDefense ImpairmentCredential AccessDiscoveryLateral MovementCollectionCommand and ControlExfiltrationImpact

T1078 Valid Accounts

Initial AccessPersistencePrivilege EscalationStealth

Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1078 on attack.mitre.org

T1133 External Remote Services

Initial AccessPersistence

Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1133 on attack.mitre.org

T1190 Exploit Public-Facing Application

Initial Access

Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1190 on attack.mitre.org

T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter

Execution

Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1059 on attack.mitre.org

T1068 Exploitation for Privilege Escalation

Privilege Escalation

Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1068 on attack.mitre.org

T1496 Resource Hijacking

Impact

Adversaries may leverage the resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability.

Inferred from CWE-77.

T1496 on attack.mitre.org

See these techniques on the full ATT&CK matrix.

Description

Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.

Published: 2016-04-26
Last modified: 2026-10-09
NVD status: Analyzed

References

https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html

Covered in Decrypted

A Beijing contractor ran the hacking kit, and the doors it used were a decade old (2026-10-09)

CVSS measures how bad exploitation would be; EPSS estimates how likely exploitation is within 30 days; the CISA listing means it is already happening. Read them together: a CVSS 9.8 with EPSS 0.04% is usually less urgent than a CVSS 7.2 on the exploited list. Data: NVD, FIRST EPSS, CISA KEV; detail is cached for a week, scores for a day. ATT&CK techniques come from the CTID KEV mappings project where a curated mapping exists, otherwise they are inferred from the weakness class and labelled as such. ATT&CK is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation. © 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation.